Image 1We can useanyas an adjective (followed by a noun) or as a pronoun; that is, not followed by a noun. We also use any + noun in questions and in negative sentences. For example:
A: Hey guys, is there any pizza left?’
B. No, there isn’t any.’
Can we use “any” in affirmative sentences? Of course. We can also use “any” in affirmative sentences, in which case it means “one or some”. It is not important which person, thing or idea. For example:
You can read any bookin this bookshelf.
(one book, no matter which)
You can visit us any day.
(one day, no matter which)
Any teacherwould know how to spell those words.
(one teacher, no matter which)
II. USING NOTHING-ANYTHING, NOBODY-ANYBODY, NOWHERE-ANYWHERE
We use nothing- nobody- nowhere in affirmative sentences with verbs in singular form. For example:
i´m sorry to say it but there’snothingI can do about it.
There’s nowherein town to buy a heavy-duty washing machine.
We saw nothing. Really.
Nobodyhas come yet.
On the other hand, we use anything – anybody - anywhere in negative sentences and questions.
A: Have you seen John anywhere?
B: No, I haven’t. Actually, I have not seen anybody from our class
around.
A: Did you bring anythingfor the party?
B: No, sorry. I meant to get some fresh salad but I didn´t find anywhereto buy it.
III. USING ANYTHING, ANYBODY, ANYWHERE IN AFFIRMATIVE SENTENCES
Image 2
We can use anything-anybody-anywhere in affirmative sentences to mean “it doesn’t matter what-who- or where”.
We’re finally in Cancun. We can now go anywhere you suggest.
(It doesn’t matter where.)
It´s Saturday! We can do anything you want.
(It doesn’t matter what.)
Anybody in our Accounting Department could lead the meeting. They are all well-prepared.
(It doesn’t matter who.)
IV. IV. USING “NO”
No” is a full negative. Note that we use no + noun(countable or uncountable) in sentences with an affirmative verb. Here are some examples:
There is no evidenceof a fight in the classroom. (zero evidence / uncountable noun).
I haveno friendsin town yet. (zero friends / countable noun).
We have received no informationabout the project yet. (zero information / uncountable noun).
It is a nice house but it has no garden.
V. USING “NONE”
Image 3
“None” is another full negative and it is used in affirmative sentences. Also, it is used as a pronoun; that is, not followed by a noun. It can replace either countable or uncountable nouns. None is an answer for “How much” or “How many”. For instance:
A: “How many dry cleaners are there near your home?
B: None, as far as I know.
“How much coffee did you drink yesterday?
B: None. I only drink tea.
“Oh, I thought there was some food left for me in the fridge, but there’s none.”
“None” can also be used followed by “of” + the- my (possessives)- Andrea´s, etc., or none of + us – you - them. Note that when “None of” is the subject of a sentence, the verb may be in singular form (more formal) or in plural form (more informal). Here are some examples:
None of my friendsis a doctor.
None of my friendsare doctors.
None of themhas gone to university yet.
None of themhave gone to university yet.
VI. CONSOLIDATION
TRY THE FOLLOWING QUIZ
VII. EXERCISE I.
Read the sentences. Choose the correct answer. Multiple choice.
VIII. READING TEXT
The Real Cost of Cheap Fashion
By Laura Anastasia
2017
image 4
LAST PART.
(1) Many people didn’t give much thought to how their clothing was made until April 24, 2013, when the Rana Plaza factory building in Bangladesh collapsed; the deadliest accident in the history of the garment industry. It killed more than 1,100 workers and injured 2,500 others. The factory, overloaded with too many floors, workers, and equipment, had been making clothing for global brands such as Benetton, Joe Fresh, and Mango. After the accident, many big brands pledged to improve garment factory conditions. About 200 major clothing companies partnered to create factory oversight programs in Bangladesh. In recent years, these programs have trained about 2 million workers in safety procedures. The companies have also hired independent engineers to inspect their factories.
(2) In southern China, too, many factories now offer safer conditions and better wages than they did a decade ago. In some areas, the minimum wage for garment workers reached $312 a month last year— 42 percent more than the previous year. Better working conditions and wages come at a price, however. Some factories in Bangladesh have had to reduce their production capacity to afford higher employee pay and building repairs. That means the factories are less able to fill massive orders from big brands. As a result, big clothing companies may eventually shift their business to even poorer countries with fewer regulations, experts say.
(3) Other factories can’t afford to make the major structural upgrades regulations that are needed for them to be safe. For instance, of the 2,000 Bangladeshi factories that have been inspected so far, only 79 had passed final inspection as of March 2017. That’s one reason unsafe working conditions persist. Last year, a garment factory fire in India killed 13 people. Another fire this past June injured more than 20 knitwear factory workers in Bangladesh. Some jumped out of third-story windows to escape the flames.
(4) Fast fashion also takes a heavy toll on the environment. The industry consumes enormous amounts of water and other natural resources. Producing enough cotton for one pair of jeans takes about 1,800 gallons of water — the equivalent of about 105 showers. Manufacturing polyester, which is made from petroleum, releases dangerous gases into the air. Farming cotton, on the other hand, accounts for a quarter of all pesticides used in the United States. (The U.S. sends about 70 percent of the cotton it grows overseas, where it’s turned into clothing.) Some of those pesticides can cause asthma and other health problems, and the chemicals pollute fresh water.
(5) The damage doesn’t end once clothing is made. Americans on average trash more than 70 pounds of clothes and shoes a year. Most are burned or piled in landfills, where synthetic fibers can take hundreds of years to break down. “A lot of the problems in the fashion industry are things that are happening in other places: air and water pollution in China, poverty and low wages in Bangladesh,” says Cline. “The waste is happening in our own backyard.”
(6) As more people have become aware of the ugly side of fast fashion, the push for ethically made clothing has grown. In the U.S., hundreds of start-ups are creating clothes out of recycled or organic fabrics. These use materials from U.S. factories, where they can better monitor working conditions. Big brands are trying to be more eco-conscious, as well. H&M, for example, offers customers store credit to recycle clothes at its retail locations. “I think we’re going to see big fashion brands become leaders in sustainable clothes and make them accessible and more affordable,” Cline predicts. But experts agree that it will take more than just efforts by clothing companies to remedy the problems of fast fashion. Local factory owners, global retailers, and consumers must all play a role.
(7) If teenage shoppers, to whom much of fast fashion is marketed, educate themselves about how their clothes are made and think carefully about what they buy, it can make a real difference, experts say. “It’s everybody’s problem,” says Posner, “and it’s everybody’s responsibility to come together and solve it.”
Unless otherwise noted, this content is licensed under the CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 license
IX PRACTICE I
X BIBLIOGRAPHY
Cambridge University Press. (2015). Cambridge Advanced Learner’s Dictionary. Fourth Edition.
Eastwood, J. (2019). Oxford Practice Grammar. Intermediate. Oxford University Press.
Hewings, M. (2013) Advanced Grammar in Use with Answers: A Self-Study Reference and Practice Book for Advanced Learners of English. CUP
Murray, L. (2014) English Grammar.Cambridge University Press.
Swan, M & Walter, C. (2016). Oxford English Grammar Course. Intermediate. Oxford University Press.
XI WEB RESOURCES
Images1,2,3_Compra propia de licencias de banco de imágenes de Pixton y Pngtree, exentas de derechos de autor. https://www-es.pixton.com/ & https://es.pngtree.com/free-backgrounds
Audio version performed by Kimberly and Matt_Compra propia de licencia de uso de voces en Voicemaker, exenta de derechos de autor. https://voicemaker.in/ _Connie Reyes Cruz_2022_
